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Canada’s banks have only just started on the path toward zeroing-out the carbon emissions of the companies they lend to, and already they’re running into conflicts between what climate activists and ESG investors want and what Canada’s oil-dependent economy demands of them.
Fossil-fuel lending is a tiny part of the loan businesses for many banks outside of Canada that have also pledged to reach net-zero emissions in lending by 2050. They can replace that business with other sources of profit over time.
For Canada’s banks, it won’t be so easy. The country’s five largest banks were among the world’s top 10 fossil-fuel lenders last year, and four of them were among the top 20 arrangers of the sector’s bond issuances.
These banks now find themselves in a similar position as many governments — under pressure to help decarbonize the economy while also facing domestic obligations to support growth, even if that means doing business with big polluters.
The banks’ ambivalence on climate was on display in their most recent ESG reports. Only one of the Big Five, Bank of Montreal, pledged to reduce the absolute emissions from the most carbon-intensive parts of its loan book by 2030.
Three others — Toronto-Dominion Bank, Bank of Nova Scotia and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce — have set softer, so-called “intensity-based” targets that aim for lower emissions per unit of output but still allow for total emissions to grow. Royal Bank of Canada has yet to release its 2030 targets and says they’ll be announced this fall.
On reducing their financed emissions, Canadian banks are “definitely playing catch-up, and that has been true for quite a while,” said Matt Price, director of corporate engagement for the finance sector at Investors for Paris Compliance, which works to hold public companies accountable to their net-zero pledges. “One of the major reasons we’re playing catch-up is because our banks are very exposed to oil and gas.”
| Bank | 2030 Financed Emissions Policy |
|---|---|
| Royal Bank of Canada | Plans to release targets for three sectors this fall |
| Toronto-Dominion Bank | 29% cut in financed emissions intensity to oil, gas and coal borrowers by 2030 |
| Bank of Nova Scotia | 30% reduction in scope 1 & 2 emissions intensity by 2030; target for scope 3 emissions to be presented in 2023 |
| Bank of Montreal | 33% cut in scope 1 & 2 emissions intensity and 24% cut in absolute scope 3 emissions by 2030 |
| Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce | 35% reduction in scope 1 & 2 emissions intensity and 27% cut in scope 3 emissions intensity |
Even with the grip that fossil fuels have on Canada — the energy sector accounts for about 10% of its economy — the banks have compelling reasons to make their net-zero promises.
A growing number of institutional investors are cutting fossil fuels from their investment mix as part of the broader social-responsibility movement. Banks’ loan books are also increasingly being scrutinized by climate activists who view fossil-fuel lending as enabling global warming. That’s especially true in Canada, where oil-sands extraction requires some of the most carbon-intensive production processes in the world.
Canadians are also highly climate-conscious. About 71% of them agree that climate change is real and mostly caused by human activities, and half say it’s a “very serious threat,” according to a poll last year.
“We wanted to use a consistent methodology, leveraging relatively similar baseline data, to get a very good view of the overall portfolio,” Patrick said. “We really see this as a broader economic transition to net zero, not just within certain asset classes.”
As for the bank’s interim goals, Chief Executive Officer Dave McKay strongly suggested they’ll target absolute emissions, which he said “are the only ones that really count over time.”
“There’s more complexity to setting absolute reduction targets, and we’re just taking a little bit more time,” McKay said in response to reporters’ questions after the bank’s annual meeting on Friday. “And in a 10- and 30-year journey, does two months make a big difference?”
Scope 3 emissions from the fossil-fuel industry are the most important metric because they capture the burning of the fuels that oil companies produce, which account for most emissions, Price said. Many global banks, including HSBC Holdings Plc and Barclays Plc, have already started making those figures public.
Similarly, many global banks have set absolute emissions targets. Citigroup Inc. has committed to a 29% absolute reduction in financed emissions for the energy sector by 2030, while Barclays plans to cut the total emissions of its energy portfolio by 15% by 2025.
Oil Sands Plans
The Canadian banks’ ability to meet their targets will depend on the oil-sands industry’s own efforts to get cleaner, which rely heavily on expensive technology to capture carbon before it’s released into the atmosphere. Canada’s federal government said recently that it’s seeking a 42% reduction in oil and gas sector emissions by the end of the decade.
The oil-sands industry’s plans to be net-zero by 2050 are “quite achievable,” with help from policies like the Clean Fuel Standard and higher carbon prices, said Jackie Forrest, executive director of the ARC Energy Research Institute in Calgary. But the near-term targets to cut emissions by about a third by 2030 may be harder to meet, she said.
“To build a massive CO2 pipeline and all the infrastructure to store carbon and to capture it — that’s a long project,” Forrest said. “It’s a little more uncertain how much can be done in the 2030 timeframe.”
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